In 12.1, the default value for the SQLNET.ALLOWED_LOGON_VERSION parameter has been updated to 11. This means that database clients using pre-11g JDBC thin drivers cannot authenticate to 12.1 database servers unless theSQLNET.ALLOWED_LOGON_VERSION parameter is set to the old default of 8.This will cause a 10.2.0.5 Oracle RAC database creation using DBCA to fail with the ORA-28040: No matching authentication protocol error in 12.1 Oracle ASM and Oracle Grid Infrastructure environments.Workaround: Set SQLNET.ALLOWED_LOGON_VERSION=8 in the oracle/network/admin/sqlnet.ora file.
Tuesday, October 4, 2016
After upgrading to Oracle 12c database, I start getting ORA-28040: No matching authentication protocol.
Sunday, February 17, 2013
Oracle Data Guard: Calculating Network Bandwidth
QUERY:
SELECT DT,
SUM(RB*8/3600000000*1.3) Mbps_REQ_A_DAY,
MIN(RB*8/3600000000*1.3) MIN_Mbps_REQ_AN_HOUR,
MAX(RB*8/3600000000*1.3) MAX_Mbps_REQ_AN_HOUR ,
AVG(RB*8/3600000000*1.3) AVG_Mbps_REQ_AN_HOUR
FROM(
SELECT TRUNC (COMPLETION_TIME) DT,
TO_CHAR (COMPLETION_TIME,’HH24′) HH,
SUM(BLOCKS*BLOCK_SIZE) RB
FROM
V$ARCHIVED_LOG
WHERE COMPLETION_TIME > SYSDATE-5
AND DEST_ID=1
GROUP BY TRUNC(COMPLETION_TIME),
TO_CHAR (COMPLETION_TIME, ‘HH24′)
)
GROUP BY DT
order by DT;
SUM(RB*8/3600000000*1.3) Mbps_REQ_A_DAY,
MIN(RB*8/3600000000*1.3) MIN_Mbps_REQ_AN_HOUR,
MAX(RB*8/3600000000*1.3) MAX_Mbps_REQ_AN_HOUR ,
AVG(RB*8/3600000000*1.3) AVG_Mbps_REQ_AN_HOUR
FROM(
SELECT TRUNC (COMPLETION_TIME) DT,
TO_CHAR (COMPLETION_TIME,’HH24′) HH,
SUM(BLOCKS*BLOCK_SIZE) RB
FROM
V$ARCHIVED_LOG
WHERE COMPLETION_TIME > SYSDATE-5
AND DEST_ID=1
GROUP BY TRUNC(COMPLETION_TIME),
TO_CHAR (COMPLETION_TIME, ‘HH24′)
)
GROUP BY DT
order by DT;
OUTPUT:
========================================================================
DT ||MBPS_REQ_A_DAY||MIN_MBPS_REQ_AN_HOUR||MAX_MBPS_REQ_AN_HOUR|| AVG_MBPS_REQ_AN_HOUR
————— ———————— ———————— ———————— ————————
20-JUL-12 1.40667756 .092599751 .757330034 .281335512
21-JUL-12 1.36889367 .092398592 .379794318 .136889367
22-JUL-12 .940478009 .072797412 .104935538 .094047801
23-JUL-12 3.23766921 .02369536 .855787065 .202354325
24-JUL-12 2.82066193 .067503673 .848231765 .176291371
25-JUL-12 .845672903 .045166137 .178660352 .08456729
Monday, February 27, 2012
Tuesday, October 4, 2011
Setup your Oracle Rac using Open Filer...Copy and Paste Post
Install openfiler O/S,it works like NAS and SAN
Install oracle enterprise linux on both rac nodes
Edit hosts file on both nodes and put entries and remove hostname from first line
vi /etc/hosts
172.22.0.175 rac1
172.22.0.176 rac2
172.22.0.178 rac1-vip
172.22.0.179 rac2-vip
172.22.0.177 openfiler
10.0.0.101 rac1-priv
10.0.0.102 rac2-priv
:wq (save and exit)
Oracle group and user add on both nodes
#groupadd dba
#groupadd oinstall
#useradd -c "Oracle software owner" -G dba -g oinstall oracle
#passwd oracle
Both the group and userid same on both rac nodes
issue the below command to check
#cat /etc/group (for groupid)
#cat /etc/passwd (for userid)
if not change this with below commands
#groupadd -g 1001 oinstall
#groupadd -g 1002 dba
#useradd -u 1001 -g 1001 -G 1002 -d /home/oracle -m oracle
setup sysctl.conf file for configuring kernel parameters on both nodes
kernel.shmmax=2147483648
kernel.shmall = 2097152
kernel.shmmni = 4096
kernel.sem=250 32000 100 128
fs.file-max=65536
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range=1024 65000
net.core.rmem_default = 262144
net.core.rmem_max = 262144
net.core.wmem_default = 262144
net.core.wmem_max = 262144
net.ipv4.tcp_timestamps = 0
net.ipv4.tcp_sack =1
net.ipv4.tcp_window_scaling = 1
sysctl -p
Download and run compat packages according to system 32bit or 64bit on both nodes
compat-gcc-7.3-2.96.128.i386.rpm
compat-gcc-c++-7.3-2.96.128.i386.rpm
compat-libcwait-2.1-1.i386.rpm
compat-libstdc++-7.3-2.96.128.i386.rpm
compat-libstdc++-devel-7.3-2.96.128.i386.rpm
compat-oracle-rhel4-1.0-5.i386.rpm
issue below command to run compat packages on both nodes
#rpm -ivh compat* --force --aid
Run below package on both nodes to check post installation of oracle RAC using cluvfy later,this package u will get in oracle clusterware software
#rpm -ivh cvuqdisk-1.0.6-1.rpm --force --aid
Create user-equivalence on both nodes
#su - oracle
$ssh-keygen -t rsa
enter
enter
enter
$cd .ssh/
$cat id_rsa.pub >>authorized_keys
$scp authorized_keys to node 2 on same location example:/home/oracle/.ssh
like this create user-equivalence on 2nd node
Check the time on both nodes it should be same if not give below command to make time synchronise
#date 102812542009.35 (the time format is like this monthdatehourminyear.second)
After installing openfiler you get the url like this https://openfiler:446/ or https://172.22.0.177:446/
Copy and paste this url to open storage graphically
First step click on system and configure network access configuration
hostname ipaddress subnetmask share
rac1 172.22.0.175 255.255.0.0 share
rac2 172.22.0.176 255.255.0.0 share
and click on update
Second step click on services and modify
servicename status modification
iscsi disable enable
click on enable in modification column to make status enable
like this enable all services except UPS server
Third step click on block devices
click on edit disk
/dev/hdc
now you will get new screen create primary and logical space
mode
primary extended create
click on create
again you will get
mode
logical physical create
click on create
Fourth step click on volume groups
give volume group name
click on add volume group
click on create
Fifth step click on add volume
give volume name
give volume Description
give Required space(MB)
give File system iscsi
click on create
Sixth step click on ISCSI targets
click on Target IQN and click on add
click on LAN mapping and click on map
click on Network ACL and click allow on access column and finally click on update to complete configuration
Add parameter on both nodes in iscsi.conf file
#vi /etc/iscsi.conf
add this line
DiscoveryAddress=openfiler
After configuration openfiler and add line in iscsi.conf you will get sharing disk on both nodes issue below command as a root user to check
#fdisk -l
(the output shows sharing disk as contains not a valid partition)
Partitions creating on sharing disk
#service iscsi restart
#fdisk -l
#fdisk /dev/sdb
p (type p to print partition)
n (to create new partition)
p (to create primary partition)
1
enter
enter
+2048m (give size and enter this partition is for ocr information)
n
p
2
enter
enter
+2048m (give size and enter this partition is for voting disk information)
n
p
3
enter
enter
+14000M (give size and enter this partition is for data)
n
e (this is extended partition)
enter
enter
n
enter
+25000m (give full remaining space is for data)
:w (save and exit)
#partprobe /dev/sdb (is for update kernel)
#fdisk -l (here you will get mount points)
#mkfs.ext3 /dev/sdb1 (make ocr and voting disk in ext3 format)
#mkfs.ext3 /dev/sdb2
Give this entry and reboot system once to create logical disk on follwing location on both nodes)
#vi /etc/sysconfig/rawdevices
/dev/raw/raw1 /dev/sdb1
/dev/raw/raw2 /dev/sdb2
/dev/raw/raw3 /dev/sdb3
/dev/raw/raw4 /dev/sdb4
:wq
#services iscsi restart
#services rawdevices restart
#chown root.oinstall /dev/raw/raw1 (give permissions to all logical devices for raw1 give root.oinstall because here information of ocr)
#chown oracle.oinstall /dev/raw/raw2
#chown oracle.oinstall /dev/raw/raw3
#chown oracle.oinstall /dev/raw/raw4
login as oracle user and check pre and post installation using cluvfy
$/home/oracle/clusterware/cluvfy/runcluvfy.sh stage -pre crsinst -n rac1,rac2 -verbose (for pre installation)
$/home/oracle/clusterware/cluvfy/runcluvfy.sh stage -post hwos -n rac1,rac2 -verbose (for post installation)
output shows preinstallation checking successfully completed so we can continue installing clusterware software,if it show unsuccessfully check the errors.
If u get error like user equivalence failed again create keygen and copy on both nodes.If u get error like couldn't find a suitable interfaces for vips.We
can ignore this error and create vip manually using vipca.This error gets due to:-
CVU checks for the following criteria before considering set of interface:
-the interfaces should have the same name across nodes.
-they should belong to the same subnet and same netmask
-they should be on public (and routable) network
Oftentimes,the interfaces planned for the vip's are configured on 10.*.m172.16.*,172.31.*or192.168.* networks which are not routable.Hence CVU does not
consider them as suitable for vip's.If name of the available interfaces satistfy this criteria,cvu complain "error-couldn't find a suitable set of interfaces
for vip's.It is worth nothing that,such addresses will actually work if things are public but cvu just things they're private and reports accordingly.To
invoke vipca go to $ORA_CRS_HOME/bin and run the following command as root user after *.sh scripts are run on both nodes at cluster software installation.
#./vipca
1)click on next button
2)select eth0 and click on next button.
3)Type in the IP alias name for the vip and IP address and click on next
4)lastly click on finish
This will configure startup the vip.Now you can go back to the first screen (means last screen of clusterware software) and click ok.
http://www.idevelopment.into/data/Oracle/DBA_tips/Oracle10gRAC/CLUSTER_18.shtml
Installation clusterware software:
$cd /home/oracle/cluster/
$./runInstaller
u will get window like specify cluster configuration
click on add
public node name (give in bracket(rac2))
private node name (give in bracket(rac2-priv))
virtual host name (give in bracket(rac2-vip))
and click on ok to continue
u will get next window like specify oracle cluster registry(ocr) location
select on external redundancy and on next line give location
specify ocr location /dev/raw/raw1 and click on next to continue
u will get next window specify voting disk location
select on external redundancy and on next line give location
voting disk location /dev/raw/raw2 and click on next to continue
u will get next window click on install to start installation
At the end u will get window to run root.sh and Orainstroot.sh on both nodes with root user
After running this scripts if u r getting error in pre requistion like couldn't find a suitable interfaces for vip's so configure vip using vipca it resides
in clusterware software bin folder and configure vip's as explain above in this note.
Finally u will get window installation completed successfully
OCR :- keeps information of number of rac nodes
Voting Disk :- Cluster processes vote we are alive.It ups another nodes background process if existing nodes fails.
Installation of ASM:
Using normal 10g software install asm
$/home/oracle/oracle10gsoftware/runInstaller
u will get first window select enterprise edition and click on next
u will get second window specify the location of asm to install ex:/home/oracle/product/10.2/asm
u will get next window specify hardware cluster installation mode
select cluster installation,click on rac2 and finally click on next to continue
u will get next window select configure automatic storage management(ASM)
give password specify asm sys password (sys)
give conform password (sys) and finally click on next to continue
u will get next window select on external
on same window select candidates and also select 1st and 2nd point and click on next to continue
u will get next window to run root.sh on both nodes as root user
finally u will get installation completed successfully click on exit to complete installation
Creating ASM database
$export PATH
$export CLASS_PATH
$export LD_LIBRARY
$dbca if not works go to $ORACLE_ASM/bin and run
u will get 1st window select cluset Real Application and click on next
u will get next window select configure automatic storage management
the output shows rac1 and rac2 on same window and click on select all to continue
u will get next window give password:sys and click on next to continue
u will get next window in that u will get by default Disk group name DATA
in the same window select external
in the same window select show candidates it will give output of third and fourth logical derives like /dev/raw/raw3 /dev/raw/raw4
By default i think selected if not select on both and click on ok to continue
u will get next window click on finish to complete asm instance creation.
Installation of Normal Oracle 10g software
$/home/oracle/oracle10gsoftware/runInstaller
u will get window Specify Hardware Cluster Installation Mode select on cluster installation
in the same window u will get rac1 and rac2 by default it is selected if not select both rac1 and rac2 and click on select all to continue
u will get next window click on next to continue
u will get next window click on next to continue
u will get next window select configuration option select install database software only and click on next to continue
u will get next window click on install to complete installations
Creation of database
$export ORACLE_HOME=/home/oracle/product/10.2/db_1
$export PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/bin:$PATH:$HOME/bin
$dbca
u will get first window select oracle RAC and click on next to continue
u will get next window select on create database and click on next ot continue
u will get next window in that u will get by default rac1 and rac2 and click on select all to continue
u will get next window select general purpose and click on next to continue
u will get next window write dbname and click on next to continue
u will get next window click on next to continue
u will get next window give password and click on next to continue
u will get next window select automatic storage management and click on next to continue
u will get next window specify sys password specific to asm give password and click on next to continue
u will get next window select DATA and click on next to continue
u will get next window select on use common location +DATA and click on next to continue
u will get final window db creation completed successfully
u will get prod1 instance on rac1 and prod2 instance name on rac2
u will get dbname prod on both nodes
put the instance entries in /etc/oratab on both nodes
for ex:prod1:/home/oracle/product/10.2/db_1
to check status of resources
#/home/oracle/product/10.2/crs/bin/crs_stat -t
to stop all resources
#/home/oracle/product/10.2/crs/bin/crs_stop -all
to check daemons
#/home/oracle/product/10.2/crs/bin/crsctl check crs
to stop daemons
#/home/oracle/product/10.2/crs/bin/crsctl stop crs
to stop services
#service iscsi stop
#service rawdevices stop
to start services
#service iscsi start
#service rawdevices start
#chown root.oinstall /dev/raw/raw1
#chown oracle.oinstall /dev/raw/raw2
#chown oracle.oinstall /dev/raw/raw3
#chown oracle.oinstall /dev/raw/raw4
vi editor to change from existing to new
:%s/stop/start/g or
:1,$s /stop/start
To uninstall RAC
1)stop crs on both nodes
2)#/home/oracle/product/10.2/crs/install/rootdelete.sh local nosharedvar nosharedhome on bothnodes
3)rm -rf /etc/ora* on both nodes
4)rm -rf /var/tmp/.oracle on both nodes
5)rm -rf /crs /db_1 /asm
6)rm -rf /etc/inittab.no*
7)rm -rf /home/oracle/oraInventory
8)ps -ef|grep pmon
crs
init.d
oracle
$kill -9
9)dd if=/dev/o of=/dev/raw/raw1 bs=8192 count=5000
10)remove if available .crs .cssd .ocmd in /etc/rco.d
To check performance of i/o harddisk.
$dd if=/dev/zero of=/pyrosan/eastdata/santest bs=1024k count=10000 (it copied 10gb file)
Install oracle enterprise linux on both rac nodes
Edit hosts file on both nodes and put entries and remove hostname from first line
vi /etc/hosts
172.22.0.175 rac1
172.22.0.176 rac2
172.22.0.178 rac1-vip
172.22.0.179 rac2-vip
172.22.0.177 openfiler
10.0.0.101 rac1-priv
10.0.0.102 rac2-priv
:wq (save and exit)
Oracle group and user add on both nodes
#groupadd dba
#groupadd oinstall
#useradd -c "Oracle software owner" -G dba -g oinstall oracle
#passwd oracle
Both the group and userid same on both rac nodes
issue the below command to check
#cat /etc/group (for groupid)
#cat /etc/passwd (for userid)
if not change this with below commands
#groupadd -g 1001 oinstall
#groupadd -g 1002 dba
#useradd -u 1001 -g 1001 -G 1002 -d /home/oracle -m oracle
setup sysctl.conf file for configuring kernel parameters on both nodes
kernel.shmmax=2147483648
kernel.shmall = 2097152
kernel.shmmni = 4096
kernel.sem=250 32000 100 128
fs.file-max=65536
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range=1024 65000
net.core.rmem_default = 262144
net.core.rmem_max = 262144
net.core.wmem_default = 262144
net.core.wmem_max = 262144
net.ipv4.tcp_timestamps = 0
net.ipv4.tcp_sack =1
net.ipv4.tcp_window_scaling = 1
sysctl -p
Download and run compat packages according to system 32bit or 64bit on both nodes
compat-gcc-7.3-2.96.128.i386.rpm
compat-gcc-c++-7.3-2.96.128.i386.rpm
compat-libcwait-2.1-1.i386.rpm
compat-libstdc++-7.3-2.96.128.i386.rpm
compat-libstdc++-devel-7.3-2.96.128.i386.rpm
compat-oracle-rhel4-1.0-5.i386.rpm
issue below command to run compat packages on both nodes
#rpm -ivh compat* --force --aid
Run below package on both nodes to check post installation of oracle RAC using cluvfy later,this package u will get in oracle clusterware software
#rpm -ivh cvuqdisk-1.0.6-1.rpm --force --aid
Create user-equivalence on both nodes
#su - oracle
$ssh-keygen -t rsa
enter
enter
enter
$cd .ssh/
$cat id_rsa.pub >>authorized_keys
$scp authorized_keys to node 2 on same location example:/home/oracle/.ssh
like this create user-equivalence on 2nd node
Check the time on both nodes it should be same if not give below command to make time synchronise
#date 102812542009.35 (the time format is like this monthdatehourminyear.second)
After installing openfiler you get the url like this https://openfiler:446/ or https://172.22.0.177:446/
Copy and paste this url to open storage graphically
First step click on system and configure network access configuration
hostname ipaddress subnetmask share
rac1 172.22.0.175 255.255.0.0 share
rac2 172.22.0.176 255.255.0.0 share
and click on update
Second step click on services and modify
servicename status modification
iscsi disable enable
click on enable in modification column to make status enable
like this enable all services except UPS server
Third step click on block devices
click on edit disk
/dev/hdc
now you will get new screen create primary and logical space
mode
primary extended create
click on create
again you will get
mode
logical physical create
click on create
Fourth step click on volume groups
give volume group name
click on add volume group
click on create
Fifth step click on add volume
give volume name
give volume Description
give Required space(MB)
give File system iscsi
click on create
Sixth step click on ISCSI targets
click on Target IQN and click on add
click on LAN mapping and click on map
click on Network ACL and click allow on access column and finally click on update to complete configuration
Add parameter on both nodes in iscsi.conf file
#vi /etc/iscsi.conf
add this line
DiscoveryAddress=openfiler
After configuration openfiler and add line in iscsi.conf you will get sharing disk on both nodes issue below command as a root user to check
#fdisk -l
(the output shows sharing disk as contains not a valid partition)
Partitions creating on sharing disk
#service iscsi restart
#fdisk -l
#fdisk /dev/sdb
p (type p to print partition)
n (to create new partition)
p (to create primary partition)
1
enter
enter
+2048m (give size and enter this partition is for ocr information)
n
p
2
enter
enter
+2048m (give size and enter this partition is for voting disk information)
n
p
3
enter
enter
+14000M (give size and enter this partition is for data)
n
e (this is extended partition)
enter
enter
n
enter
+25000m (give full remaining space is for data)
:w (save and exit)
#partprobe /dev/sdb (is for update kernel)
#fdisk -l (here you will get mount points)
#mkfs.ext3 /dev/sdb1 (make ocr and voting disk in ext3 format)
#mkfs.ext3 /dev/sdb2
Give this entry and reboot system once to create logical disk on follwing location on both nodes)
#vi /etc/sysconfig/rawdevices
/dev/raw/raw1 /dev/sdb1
/dev/raw/raw2 /dev/sdb2
/dev/raw/raw3 /dev/sdb3
/dev/raw/raw4 /dev/sdb4
:wq
#services iscsi restart
#services rawdevices restart
#chown root.oinstall /dev/raw/raw1 (give permissions to all logical devices for raw1 give root.oinstall because here information of ocr)
#chown oracle.oinstall /dev/raw/raw2
#chown oracle.oinstall /dev/raw/raw3
#chown oracle.oinstall /dev/raw/raw4
login as oracle user and check pre and post installation using cluvfy
$/home/oracle/clusterware/cluvfy/runcluvfy.sh stage -pre crsinst -n rac1,rac2 -verbose (for pre installation)
$/home/oracle/clusterware/cluvfy/runcluvfy.sh stage -post hwos -n rac1,rac2 -verbose (for post installation)
output shows preinstallation checking successfully completed so we can continue installing clusterware software,if it show unsuccessfully check the errors.
If u get error like user equivalence failed again create keygen and copy on both nodes.If u get error like couldn't find a suitable interfaces for vips.We
can ignore this error and create vip manually using vipca.This error gets due to:-
CVU checks for the following criteria before considering set of interface:
-the interfaces should have the same name across nodes.
-they should belong to the same subnet and same netmask
-they should be on public (and routable) network
Oftentimes,the interfaces planned for the vip's are configured on 10.*.m172.16.*,172.31.*or192.168.* networks which are not routable.Hence CVU does not
consider them as suitable for vip's.If name of the available interfaces satistfy this criteria,cvu complain "error-couldn't find a suitable set of interfaces
for vip's.It is worth nothing that,such addresses will actually work if things are public but cvu just things they're private and reports accordingly.To
invoke vipca go to $ORA_CRS_HOME/bin and run the following command as root user after *.sh scripts are run on both nodes at cluster software installation.
#./vipca
1)click on next button
2)select eth0 and click on next button.
3)Type in the IP alias name for the vip and IP address and click on next
4)lastly click on finish
This will configure startup the vip.Now you can go back to the first screen (means last screen of clusterware software) and click ok.
http://www.idevelopment.into/data/Oracle/DBA_tips/Oracle10gRAC/CLUSTER_18.shtml
Installation clusterware software:
$cd /home/oracle/cluster/
$./runInstaller
u will get window like specify cluster configuration
click on add
public node name (give in bracket(rac2))
private node name (give in bracket(rac2-priv))
virtual host name (give in bracket(rac2-vip))
and click on ok to continue
u will get next window like specify oracle cluster registry(ocr) location
select on external redundancy and on next line give location
specify ocr location /dev/raw/raw1 and click on next to continue
u will get next window specify voting disk location
select on external redundancy and on next line give location
voting disk location /dev/raw/raw2 and click on next to continue
u will get next window click on install to start installation
At the end u will get window to run root.sh and Orainstroot.sh on both nodes with root user
After running this scripts if u r getting error in pre requistion like couldn't find a suitable interfaces for vip's so configure vip using vipca it resides
in clusterware software bin folder and configure vip's as explain above in this note.
Finally u will get window installation completed successfully
OCR :- keeps information of number of rac nodes
Voting Disk :- Cluster processes vote we are alive.It ups another nodes background process if existing nodes fails.
Installation of ASM:
Using normal 10g software install asm
$/home/oracle/oracle10gsoftware/runInstaller
u will get first window select enterprise edition and click on next
u will get second window specify the location of asm to install ex:/home/oracle/product/10.2/asm
u will get next window specify hardware cluster installation mode
select cluster installation,click on rac2 and finally click on next to continue
u will get next window select configure automatic storage management(ASM)
give password specify asm sys password (sys)
give conform password (sys) and finally click on next to continue
u will get next window select on external
on same window select candidates and also select 1st and 2nd point and click on next to continue
u will get next window to run root.sh on both nodes as root user
finally u will get installation completed successfully click on exit to complete installation
Creating ASM database
$export PATH
$export CLASS_PATH
$export LD_LIBRARY
$dbca if not works go to $ORACLE_ASM/bin and run
u will get 1st window select cluset Real Application and click on next
u will get next window select configure automatic storage management
the output shows rac1 and rac2 on same window and click on select all to continue
u will get next window give password:sys and click on next to continue
u will get next window in that u will get by default Disk group name DATA
in the same window select external
in the same window select show candidates it will give output of third and fourth logical derives like /dev/raw/raw3 /dev/raw/raw4
By default i think selected if not select on both and click on ok to continue
u will get next window click on finish to complete asm instance creation.
Installation of Normal Oracle 10g software
$/home/oracle/oracle10gsoftware/runInstaller
u will get window Specify Hardware Cluster Installation Mode select on cluster installation
in the same window u will get rac1 and rac2 by default it is selected if not select both rac1 and rac2 and click on select all to continue
u will get next window click on next to continue
u will get next window click on next to continue
u will get next window select configuration option select install database software only and click on next to continue
u will get next window click on install to complete installations
Creation of database
$export ORACLE_HOME=/home/oracle/product/10.2/db_1
$export PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/bin:$PATH:$HOME/bin
$dbca
u will get first window select oracle RAC and click on next to continue
u will get next window select on create database and click on next ot continue
u will get next window in that u will get by default rac1 and rac2 and click on select all to continue
u will get next window select general purpose and click on next to continue
u will get next window write dbname and click on next to continue
u will get next window click on next to continue
u will get next window give password and click on next to continue
u will get next window select automatic storage management and click on next to continue
u will get next window specify sys password specific to asm give password and click on next to continue
u will get next window select DATA and click on next to continue
u will get next window select on use common location +DATA and click on next to continue
u will get final window db creation completed successfully
u will get prod1 instance on rac1 and prod2 instance name on rac2
u will get dbname prod on both nodes
put the instance entries in /etc/oratab on both nodes
for ex:prod1:/home/oracle/product/10.2/db_1
to check status of resources
#/home/oracle/product/10.2/crs/bin/crs_stat -t
to stop all resources
#/home/oracle/product/10.2/crs/bin/crs_stop -all
to check daemons
#/home/oracle/product/10.2/crs/bin/crsctl check crs
to stop daemons
#/home/oracle/product/10.2/crs/bin/crsctl stop crs
to stop services
#service iscsi stop
#service rawdevices stop
to start services
#service iscsi start
#service rawdevices start
#chown root.oinstall /dev/raw/raw1
#chown oracle.oinstall /dev/raw/raw2
#chown oracle.oinstall /dev/raw/raw3
#chown oracle.oinstall /dev/raw/raw4
vi editor to change from existing to new
:%s/stop/start/g or
:1,$s /stop/start
To uninstall RAC
1)stop crs on both nodes
2)#/home/oracle/product/10.2/crs/install/rootdelete.sh local nosharedvar nosharedhome on bothnodes
3)rm -rf /etc/ora* on both nodes
4)rm -rf /var/tmp/.oracle on both nodes
5)rm -rf /crs /db_1 /asm
6)rm -rf /etc/inittab.no*
7)rm -rf /home/oracle/oraInventory
8)ps -ef|grep pmon
crs
init.d
oracle
$kill -9
9)dd if=/dev/o of=/dev/raw/raw1 bs=8192 count=5000
10)remove if available .crs .cssd .ocmd in /etc/rco.d
To check performance of i/o harddisk.
$dd if=/dev/zero of=/pyrosan/eastdata/santest bs=1024k count=10000 (it copied 10gb file)
Thursday, December 30, 2010
Analyze Statement and Transferring Statistics.
Analyze Statement
The ANALYZE statement can be used to gather statistics for a specific table, index or cluster. The statistics can be computed exactly, or estimated based on a specific number of rows, or a percentage of rows:
ANALYZE TABLE employees COMPUTE STATISTICS;
ANALYZE INDEX employees_pk COMPUTE STATISTICS;
ANALYZE TABLE employees ESTIMATE STATISTICS SAMPLE 100 ROWS;
ANALYZE TABLE employees ESTIMATE STATISTICS SAMPLE 15 PERCENT;
DBMS_STATS
The DBMS_STATS package was introduced in Oracle 8i and is Oracles preferred method of gathering object statistics. Oracle list a number of benefits to using it including parallel execution, long term storage of statistics and transfer of statistics between servers. Once again, it follows a similar format to the other methods:
EXEC DBMS_STATS.gather_database_stats;
EXEC DBMS_STATS.gather_database_stats(estimate_percent => 15);
EXEC DBMS_STATS.gather_schema_stats('SCOTT');
EXEC DBMS_STATS.gather_schema_stats('SCOTT', estimate_percent => 15);
EXEC DBMS_STATS.gather_table_stats('SCOTT', 'EMPLOYEES');
EXEC DBMS_STATS.gather_table_stats('SCOTT', 'EMPLOYEES', estimate_percent => 15);
EXEC DBMS_STATS.gather_index_stats('SCOTT', 'EMPLOYEES_PK');
EXEC DBMS_STATS.gather_index_stats('SCOTT', 'EMPLOYEES_PK', estimate_percent => 15);
This package also gives you the ability to delete statistics:
EXEC DBMS_STATS.delete_database_stats;
EXEC DBMS_STATS.delete_schema_stats('SCOTT');
EXEC DBMS_STATS.delete_table_stats('SCOTT', 'EMPLOYEES');
EXEC DBMS_STATS.delete_index_stats('SCOTT', 'EMPLOYEES_PK');
Transfering Stats
=================
First the statistics must be collected into a statistics table. In the following examples the statistics for the APPS user are collected into a new table, STATS_TABLE, which is owned by scott:
SQL> EXEC DBMS_STATS.create_stat_table('SCOTT','STATS_TABLE');
SQL> EXEC DBMS_STATS.export_schema_stats('APPS','STATS_TABLE',NULL,'SCOTT');
This table can then be transfered to another server using your preferred method (Export/Import ) and the stats imported into the data dictionary as follows:
SQL> EXEC DBMS_STATS.import_schema_stats('APPS','STATS_TABLE',NULL,'SCOTT');
SQL> EXEC DBMS_STATS.drop_stat_table('APPS','STATS_TABLE');
The ANALYZE statement can be used to gather statistics for a specific table, index or cluster. The statistics can be computed exactly, or estimated based on a specific number of rows, or a percentage of rows:
ANALYZE TABLE employees COMPUTE STATISTICS;
ANALYZE INDEX employees_pk COMPUTE STATISTICS;
ANALYZE TABLE employees ESTIMATE STATISTICS SAMPLE 100 ROWS;
ANALYZE TABLE employees ESTIMATE STATISTICS SAMPLE 15 PERCENT;
DBMS_STATS
The DBMS_STATS package was introduced in Oracle 8i and is Oracles preferred method of gathering object statistics. Oracle list a number of benefits to using it including parallel execution, long term storage of statistics and transfer of statistics between servers. Once again, it follows a similar format to the other methods:
EXEC DBMS_STATS.gather_database_stats;
EXEC DBMS_STATS.gather_database_stats(estimate_percent => 15);
EXEC DBMS_STATS.gather_schema_stats('SCOTT');
EXEC DBMS_STATS.gather_schema_stats('SCOTT', estimate_percent => 15);
EXEC DBMS_STATS.gather_table_stats('SCOTT', 'EMPLOYEES');
EXEC DBMS_STATS.gather_table_stats('SCOTT', 'EMPLOYEES', estimate_percent => 15);
EXEC DBMS_STATS.gather_index_stats('SCOTT', 'EMPLOYEES_PK');
EXEC DBMS_STATS.gather_index_stats('SCOTT', 'EMPLOYEES_PK', estimate_percent => 15);
This package also gives you the ability to delete statistics:
EXEC DBMS_STATS.delete_database_stats;
EXEC DBMS_STATS.delete_schema_stats('SCOTT');
EXEC DBMS_STATS.delete_table_stats('SCOTT', 'EMPLOYEES');
EXEC DBMS_STATS.delete_index_stats('SCOTT', 'EMPLOYEES_PK');
Transfering Stats
=================
First the statistics must be collected into a statistics table. In the following examples the statistics for the APPS user are collected into a new table, STATS_TABLE, which is owned by scott:
SQL> EXEC DBMS_STATS.create_stat_table('SCOTT','STATS_TABLE');
SQL> EXEC DBMS_STATS.export_schema_stats('APPS','STATS_TABLE',NULL,'SCOTT');
This table can then be transfered to another server using your preferred method (Export/Import ) and the stats imported into the data dictionary as follows:
SQL> EXEC DBMS_STATS.import_schema_stats('APPS','STATS_TABLE',NULL,'SCOTT');
SQL> EXEC DBMS_STATS.drop_stat_table('APPS','STATS_TABLE');
TSM for ORACLE Installation
TSM for ORACLE Installation :-
On TSM server :-
1. Create Policy domain and backup copy group ( vere=1, verd=0, retain extra=0, retain only=0)
2. Register TDP for Oracle node
On TSM client :-
1. Install TDP for oracle fileset
2. Configure dsm.opt file in /usr/tivoli/tsm/client/api/bin64/dsm.opt
example :-
SErvername tsmserv (provide tsm server name)
3. Configure dsm.sys file in /usr/tivoli/tsm/client/api/bin64/dsm.sys
example :-
SErvername tsmserv (provide tsm server name)
COMMmethod TCPip
TCPPort 1500
TCPServeraddress 192.168.13.104 (provide tsm server IP)
compression no
errorlogname /tmp/dsmerror_erpdev_ora.log (provide error log path)
nodename erpdev_ora (provide node name)
4. Configure tdpo.opt file in /usr/tivoli/tsm/client/oracle/bin64/tdpo.opt
example :-
DSMI_ORC_CONFIG /usr/tivoli/tsm/client/api/bin64/dsm.opt (provide option file path)
DSMI_LOG /tmp/ (provide error log directory)
TDPO_FS orc9_db
TDPO_NODE erpdev_ora (provide node name)
*TDPO_OWNER
*TDPO_PSWDPATH /usr/tivoli/tsm/client/oracle/bin64
*TDPO_DATE_FMT 1
*TDPO_NUM_FMT 1
*TDPO_TIME_FMT 1
*TDPO_MGMT_CLASS_2 mgmtclass2
*TDPO_MGMT_CLASS_3 mgmtclass3
*TDPO_MGMT_CLASS_4 mgmtclass4
5. Go to /usr/tivoli/tsm/client/oracle/bin64 and run
./tdpoconf password
6. Put the node password and confirm with same password and you can oracle environment by giving ./tdpoconf showenv in the same path
7. Then give permission to
dsmerror_erpprod_ora.log in /tmp (path of error log file)
8. Link the "TSM for DB" library file within oracle
-Shutdown oracle instance
-Change directory to oracle's lib directory
# cd /
# cd lib
-Check presence of original libobk.a file
# ls -l libobk.a
-If found rename it
# ln libobk.a libobk.a.org
-Link to TSM library
# ln –s /usr/lib/libobk64.a libobk.a
-Start oracle instance
9. Oracle administrator role is to create RMAN script for backup and set environment variable path for tdpo.opt file as " /usr/tivoli/tsm/client/oracle/bin64/tdpo.opt"
On TSM server :-
1. Create Policy domain and backup copy group ( vere=1, verd=0, retain extra=0, retain only=0)
2. Register TDP for Oracle node
On TSM client :-
1. Install TDP for oracle fileset
2. Configure dsm.opt file in /usr/tivoli/tsm/client/api/bin64/dsm.opt
example :-
SErvername tsmserv (provide tsm server name)
3. Configure dsm.sys file in /usr/tivoli/tsm/client/api/bin64/dsm.sys
example :-
SErvername tsmserv (provide tsm server name)
COMMmethod TCPip
TCPPort 1500
TCPServeraddress 192.168.13.104 (provide tsm server IP)
compression no
errorlogname /tmp/dsmerror_erpdev_ora.log (provide error log path)
nodename erpdev_ora (provide node name)
4. Configure tdpo.opt file in /usr/tivoli/tsm/client/oracle/bin64/tdpo.opt
example :-
DSMI_ORC_CONFIG /usr/tivoli/tsm/client/api/bin64/dsm.opt (provide option file path)
DSMI_LOG /tmp/ (provide error log directory)
TDPO_FS orc9_db
TDPO_NODE erpdev_ora (provide node name)
*TDPO_OWNER
*TDPO_PSWDPATH /usr/tivoli/tsm/client/oracle/bin64
*TDPO_DATE_FMT 1
*TDPO_NUM_FMT 1
*TDPO_TIME_FMT 1
*TDPO_MGMT_CLASS_2 mgmtclass2
*TDPO_MGMT_CLASS_3 mgmtclass3
*TDPO_MGMT_CLASS_4 mgmtclass4
5. Go to /usr/tivoli/tsm/client/oracle/bin64 and run
./tdpoconf password
6. Put the node password and confirm with same password and you can oracle environment by giving ./tdpoconf showenv in the same path
7. Then give permission to
dsmerror_erpprod_ora.log in /tmp (path of error log file)
8. Link the "TSM for DB" library file within oracle
-Shutdown oracle instance
-Change directory to oracle's lib directory
# cd /
# cd lib
-Check presence of original libobk.a file
# ls -l libobk.a
-If found rename it
# ln libobk.a libobk.a.org
-Link to TSM library
# ln –s /usr/lib/libobk64.a libobk.a
-Start oracle instance
9. Oracle administrator role is to create RMAN script for backup and set environment variable path for tdpo.opt file as " /usr/tivoli/tsm/client/oracle/bin64/tdpo.opt"
ora-01555 snapshot too old error.
Now that we understand why the ORA-1555 occurs and some aspects about how they can occur we need to examine the following:
How can we logically determine and resolve what has occurred to cause the ORA-1555?
1) Determine if UNDO_MANAGEMENT is MANUAL or AUTO
If set to MANUAL, it is best to move to AUM. If it is not feasible to switch to AUM see
Note 69464.1 Rollback Segment Configuration & Tips
to attempt to tune around the ORA-1555 using V$ROLLSTAT
If set to AUTO, proceed to #2
2) Gather the basic data
a) Acquire both the error message from the user / client ... and the message in the alert log
User / Client session example:
ORA-01555: snapshot too old: rollback segment number 9 with name "_SYSSMU1$" too small
Alert log example
ORA-01555 caused by SQL statement below (Query Duration=9999 sec, SCN:0x000.008a7c2d)
b) Determine the QUERY DURATION from the message in the alert log
From our example above ... this would be 9999
c) Determine the undo segment name from the user / client message
From our example above ... this would be _SYSSMU1$
d) Determine the UNDO_RETENTION of the undo tablespace
show parameter undo_retention
3) Determine if the ORA-1555 is occurring with an UNDO or a LOB segment
If the undo segment name is null ...
ORA-01555: snapshot too old: rollback segment number with name "" too small
or the undo segment is unknown
ORA-01555: snapshot too old: rollback segment number # with name "???" too small
then this means this is a read consistent failure on a LOB segment
If the segment_name or the undo segment is known the error is occurring with an UNDO segment.
==============================================================================================
What to do if an ORA-1555 is occurring with an UNDO segment
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1) QUERY DURATION > UNDO_RETENTION
There are no guarantees that read consistency can be maintained after the transaction slot for the
committed row has expired (exceeded UNDO_RETENTION)
Why would one think that the transaction slot's time has exceeded UNDO_RETENTION?
Lets answer this with an example
If UNDO_RETENTION = 900 seconds ... but our QUERY DURATION is 2000 seconds ...
This says that our query has most likely encountered a row that was committed more than 900
seconds ago ... and has been overwritten as we KNOW that the transaction slot being examined
no longer matches the row we are looking for
The reason we say "most likely" is that it is possible that an unexpired committed transaction slot was
overwritten due to either space pressure on the undo segment or this is a bug
SOLUTION:
The best solution is to tune the query can to reduce its duration. If that cannot be done then increase
UNDO_RETENTION based on QUERY DURATION to allow it to protect the committed
transaction slots for a longer period of time
NOTE: Increasing UNDO_RETENTION requires additional space in the UNDO tablespace. Make
sure to accommodate for this space. One method of doing this is to set AUTOEXTEND on one or
more of the UNDO tablespace datafiles for a period of time to allow for the increased space. Once the
size has stabilized, AUTOEXTEND can be removed.
See the solution for #2 below for more options
2) QUERY DURATION <= UNDO_RETENTION
This case is most often due to the UNDO tablespace becoming full sometime during the time when the
query was running
How do we tell if the UNDO tablespace has become full during the query?
Examine V$UNDOSTAT.UNXPSTEALCNT for the period while the query that generated the
ORA-1555 occurred.
This column shows committed transaction slots that have not exceeded UNDO_RETENTION but
were overwritten due to space pressure on the undo tablespace (IE became full).
If UNEXPSTEACNT > 0 for the time period during which the query was running then this shows
that the undo tablespace was too small to be able to maintain UNDO_RETENTION. Unexpired
blocks were over written, thus ending read consistency for those blocks for that time period.
set pagesize 25
set linesize 120
select inst_id,
to_char(begin_time,'MM/DD/YYYY HH24:MI') begin_time,
UNXPSTEALCNT "# Unexpired|Stolen",
EXPSTEALCNT "# Expired|Reused",
SSOLDERRCNT "ORA-1555|Error",
NOSPACEERRCNT "Out-Of-space|Error",
MAXQUERYLEN "Max Query|Length"
from gv$undostat
where begin_time between
to_date('','MM/DD/YYYY HH24:MI:SS')
and
to_date('
How can we logically determine and resolve what has occurred to cause the ORA-1555?
1) Determine if UNDO_MANAGEMENT is MANUAL or AUTO
If set to MANUAL, it is best to move to AUM. If it is not feasible to switch to AUM see
Note 69464.1 Rollback Segment Configuration & Tips
to attempt to tune around the ORA-1555 using V$ROLLSTAT
If set to AUTO, proceed to #2
2) Gather the basic data
a) Acquire both the error message from the user / client ... and the message in the alert log
User / Client session example:
ORA-01555: snapshot too old: rollback segment number 9 with name "_SYSSMU1$" too small
Alert log example
ORA-01555 caused by SQL statement below (Query Duration=9999 sec, SCN:0x000.008a7c2d)
b) Determine the QUERY DURATION from the message in the alert log
From our example above ... this would be 9999
c) Determine the undo segment name from the user / client message
From our example above ... this would be _SYSSMU1$
d) Determine the UNDO_RETENTION of the undo tablespace
show parameter undo_retention
3) Determine if the ORA-1555 is occurring with an UNDO or a LOB segment
If the undo segment name is null ...
ORA-01555: snapshot too old: rollback segment number with name "" too small
or the undo segment is unknown
ORA-01555: snapshot too old: rollback segment number # with name "???" too small
then this means this is a read consistent failure on a LOB segment
If the segment_name or the undo segment is known the error is occurring with an UNDO segment.
==============================================================================================
What to do if an ORA-1555 is occurring with an UNDO segment
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1) QUERY DURATION > UNDO_RETENTION
There are no guarantees that read consistency can be maintained after the transaction slot for the
committed row has expired (exceeded UNDO_RETENTION)
Why would one think that the transaction slot's time has exceeded UNDO_RETENTION?
Lets answer this with an example
If UNDO_RETENTION = 900 seconds ... but our QUERY DURATION is 2000 seconds ...
This says that our query has most likely encountered a row that was committed more than 900
seconds ago ... and has been overwritten as we KNOW that the transaction slot being examined
no longer matches the row we are looking for
The reason we say "most likely" is that it is possible that an unexpired committed transaction slot was
overwritten due to either space pressure on the undo segment or this is a bug
SOLUTION:
The best solution is to tune the query can to reduce its duration. If that cannot be done then increase
UNDO_RETENTION based on QUERY DURATION to allow it to protect the committed
transaction slots for a longer period of time
NOTE: Increasing UNDO_RETENTION requires additional space in the UNDO tablespace. Make
sure to accommodate for this space. One method of doing this is to set AUTOEXTEND on one or
more of the UNDO tablespace datafiles for a period of time to allow for the increased space. Once the
size has stabilized, AUTOEXTEND can be removed.
See the solution for #2 below for more options
2) QUERY DURATION <= UNDO_RETENTION
This case is most often due to the UNDO tablespace becoming full sometime during the time when the
query was running
How do we tell if the UNDO tablespace has become full during the query?
Examine V$UNDOSTAT.UNXPSTEALCNT for the period while the query that generated the
ORA-1555 occurred.
This column shows committed transaction slots that have not exceeded UNDO_RETENTION but
were overwritten due to space pressure on the undo tablespace (IE became full).
If UNEXPSTEACNT > 0 for the time period during which the query was running then this shows
that the undo tablespace was too small to be able to maintain UNDO_RETENTION. Unexpired
blocks were over written, thus ending read consistency for those blocks for that time period.
set pagesize 25
set linesize 120
select inst_id,
to_char(begin_time,'MM/DD/YYYY HH24:MI') begin_time,
UNXPSTEALCNT "# Unexpired|Stolen",
EXPSTEALCNT "# Expired|Reused",
SSOLDERRCNT "ORA-1555|Error",
NOSPACEERRCNT "Out-Of-space|Error",
MAXQUERYLEN "Max Query|Length"
from gv$undostat
where begin_time between
to_date('
and
to_date('
Tuesday, September 14, 2010
Points_2_Resolve the ORA-12705 error
Below are the points to fix the issue on your oracle client machine.
Cause: There are two possible causes: Either an attempt was made to issue an ALTER SESSION statement with an invalid NLS parameter or value; or the NLS_LANG environment variable contains an invalid language, territory, or character set.
Action: Check the syntax of the ALTER SESSION command and the NLS parameter, correct the syntax and retry the statement, or specify correct values in the NLS_LANG environment variable.
Points to fix the issue:
1.simply set it with the below command
C:>set NLS_LANG=AMERICAN_AMERICA.WE8MSWIN1252. (if not fix,try with below procedure)
2.From start-->Run--->Type regedit--->HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE-->SOFTWARE-->ORACLE-->HOME folder has a key
NLS_LANG as AMERICAN_AMERICA.WE8MSWIN1252.
change to AMERICAN_AMERICA.WE8ISO8859P15 may fix your connectivity issue. (Permanent fix, even if not fix try with below procedure)
3.Try this...
check if exist into windows registry (regedit) the oracle_home
Example
[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\ORACLE]
ORACLE_HOME= (for ex: D:\Appls\Oracle)
if not create one.
and add the path into the windows variable PATH adding bin folder
example D:\Appls\Oracle\bin
Control Panel -> System -> Advanced Options -> Environment variables - > system variables -> path
4. Still not resolve
Just go regedit -->Oracle Home--and delete the NLS entries from there..You should be fine.
5. Final point if not solve with above points, uninstall and install Oracle client software.
Cause: There are two possible causes: Either an attempt was made to issue an ALTER SESSION statement with an invalid NLS parameter or value; or the NLS_LANG environment variable contains an invalid language, territory, or character set.
Action: Check the syntax of the ALTER SESSION command and the NLS parameter, correct the syntax and retry the statement, or specify correct values in the NLS_LANG environment variable.
Points to fix the issue:
1.simply set it with the below command
C:>set NLS_LANG=AMERICAN_AMERICA.WE8MSWIN1252. (if not fix,try with below procedure)
2.From start-->Run--->Type regedit--->HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE-->SOFTWARE-->ORACLE-->HOME folder has a key
NLS_LANG as AMERICAN_AMERICA.WE8MSWIN1252.
change to AMERICAN_AMERICA.WE8ISO8859P15 may fix your connectivity issue. (Permanent fix, even if not fix try with below procedure)
3.Try this...
check if exist into windows registry (regedit) the oracle_home
Example
[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\ORACLE]
ORACLE_HOME=
if not create one.
and add the path into the windows variable PATH adding bin folder
example D:\Appls\Oracle\bin
Control Panel -> System -> Advanced Options -> Environment variables - > system variables -> path
4. Still not resolve
Just go regedit -->Oracle Home--and delete the NLS entries from there..You should be fine.
5. Final point if not solve with above points, uninstall and install Oracle client software.
Sunday, August 29, 2010
WHEN TO REORGANIZE TABLES AND REBUILD INDEXES.
When to reorganize tables and rebuild indexes:
Table fragmentation:When rows are not stored contiguously or if rows are split auto more than one block,performance decrease because these rows required additional block accesses.
Note that table fragmentation is different from file fragmentation.When a lot of DML operations are applied on a table,the table will become fragmentation because DML does not release free space from the table below the HWM.
HWM is an indicator of used blocks in the database.Blocks below the high water mark (used blocks) have at least once contained data.This data might have been deleted.Since oracle knows that blocks before the high water mark didn't have data,it only reads block up to the high water when doing a full table scan.
*DDL statements always resets the HWM.
Table size (with fragmentation)
Sql>exec dbms_stat.gather_table_stats('SCOTT','BIG1');
Sql>select table_name,round((blocks*8),2)||'kb' "size" from user_tables where table_name='BIG1'
output of the command:
table_name size
BIG1 72952 kb
Actual data in table
Sql>select table_name,round((num_rows*avg_row_len/1024),||'kb' "size" from user_tables where table_name='BIG1';
output
table_name size
BIG1 30604.2 kb
72952-30604=42348 kb is wasted space in table
The difference between two values is 60% and pct free 10%(default)-so,the table has 50% extra space which is wasted becuase there is no data.
How to reset HWM/remove fragmentation ?
4 options:
1)alter table .. move to another tablespace.
2)export,truncate or drop import.
3)CTAS method
4)dbms_redifinition
To check indexes
sql>select status,index_name from user_indexes where table_name='BIG1';
output
status index_name
unusable bigidx
sql>alter index bigidx rebuild;
select del_lf_rows*100/decode(lf_rows,0,1,lf_rows) from index_stats where name='';
you may decide that index should be rebuilt if more than 20% of its rows are deleted.
How can you determine if an index needs to be dropped and rebuilt?
Level: Intermediate
Expected answer: Run the ANALYZE INDEX command on the index to validate its structure and then calculate the ratio of LF_BLK_LEN/LF_BLK_LEN+BR_BLK_LEN and if it isn?t near 1.0 (i.e. greater than 0.7 or so) then the index should be rebuilt. Or if the ratio
BR_BLK_LEN/ LF_BLK_LEN+BR_BLK_LEN is nearing 0.3
To check the compress or not compress mode:
Sql>select compression from dba_tables where table_name in <'tablename'>;
If some times show actual size is greater than the table size it is due to in compress mode of table
If table is compress make this to no compress mode
Sql>alter table move nocompress;
Table fragmentation:When rows are not stored contiguously or if rows are split auto more than one block,performance decrease because these rows required additional block accesses.
Note that table fragmentation is different from file fragmentation.When a lot of DML operations are applied on a table,the table will become fragmentation because DML does not release free space from the table below the HWM.
HWM is an indicator of used blocks in the database.Blocks below the high water mark (used blocks) have at least once contained data.This data might have been deleted.Since oracle knows that blocks before the high water mark didn't have data,it only reads block up to the high water when doing a full table scan.
*DDL statements always resets the HWM.
Table size (with fragmentation)
Sql>exec dbms_stat.gather_table_stats('SCOTT','BIG1');
Sql>select table_name,round((blocks*8),2)||'kb' "size" from user_tables where table_name='BIG1'
output of the command:
table_name size
BIG1 72952 kb
Actual data in table
Sql>select table_name,round((num_rows*avg_row_len/1024),||'kb' "size" from user_tables where table_name='BIG1';
output
table_name size
BIG1 30604.2 kb
72952-30604=42348 kb is wasted space in table
The difference between two values is 60% and pct free 10%(default)-so,the table has 50% extra space which is wasted becuase there is no data.
How to reset HWM/remove fragmentation ?
4 options:
1)alter table .. move to another tablespace.
2)export,truncate or drop import.
3)CTAS method
4)dbms_redifinition
To check indexes
sql>select status,index_name from user_indexes where table_name='BIG1';
output
status index_name
unusable bigidx
sql>alter index bigidx rebuild;
select del_lf_rows*100/decode(lf_rows,0,1,lf_rows) from index_stats where name='
you may decide that index should be rebuilt if more than 20% of its rows are deleted.
How can you determine if an index needs to be dropped and rebuilt?
Level: Intermediate
Expected answer: Run the ANALYZE INDEX command on the index to validate its structure and then calculate the ratio of LF_BLK_LEN/LF_BLK_LEN+BR_BLK_LEN and if it isn?t near 1.0 (i.e. greater than 0.7 or so) then the index should be rebuilt. Or if the ratio
BR_BLK_LEN/ LF_BLK_LEN+BR_BLK_LEN is nearing 0.3
To check the compress or not compress mode:
Sql>select compression from dba_tables where table_name in <'tablename'>;
If some times show actual size is greater than the table size it is due to in compress mode of table
If table is compress make this to no compress mode
Sql>alter table move nocompress;
MYSQL_DBA_BEGINNER.
MYSQL DOCUMENTATION
To install Mysql
#rpm -ivh mysql-server-community_x86-64.rpm
After installing immediately give password
#/usr/bin/mysqladmin -u root -p password "root123"
To start and stop mysql server
#/etc/init.d/mysql start
#/etc/init.d/mysql stop
To connect mysql
#mysql -u root -p
To check databases and use database
Mysql>show databases;
Mysql>use;
To check tables and its contents and its use
Mysql>show tables;
Mysql>desc;
Mysql>select * from;
To create user
Mysql>create user 'khan'@'localhost' identified by 'khan';
To give Privileges
Mysql>grant select,insert,update,delete on *.* to 'khan';
To drop user
Mysql>drop user 'khan'@'localhost';
To check which database to connected
Mysql>select database ();
To check which user is connected
Mysql>select user ();
To check how many users have
Mysql>select distinct grantee from user_privileges;
Global privileges are administrative or apply to all databases on a given server. To assign global privileges, use ON *.* syntax:
GRANT ALL ON *.* TO 'someuser'@'somehost';
GRANT SELECT, INSERT ON *.* TO 'someuser'@'somehost';
Only two rows information need give limit 2 in your query
In mysql by default database create in /var/lib/mysql
To create table
Mysql>create table oolaala(name varchar(20));
To check mysql version
#rpm -qa|grep -i mysql
Try this after relocating files if errors getting
#setsebool -p mysqld_disable_trans=1
Note:If not available my.cnf file or removed or '/home/oracle/data/three/redo01a.log' size 20m,lost we can copy the same file available in /usr/share/mysql (my_large.cnf)
MYISAM INNODB (engines of mysql)
By default tables create in MYISAM
To create tables in INNODB
set in my.cnf (uncomment#innodb parameter)
Mysql>create table pepsi(name varchar(10)) engine=innodb;
MYISAM is for OLAP and INNODB is for OLTP
To check connection errors or any errors
#/var/log/messages or /var/log/sys/logs of /var/lib/mysql/mysqld.log
How to rename and relocate on datafiles
1.Stop service
2.copy data directory on another mount point
3.vi /etc/my.cnf
#The MySQL server
[mysqld]
datadir=/home/mysql/data (five here different mount point)
user=mysql
To migrate from Oracle to Mysql
1.PhpAdmin tool use or
2.$mysql -u -p < abc.sql
3.mysql>source abc.sql
It helps to migrate from oracle to mysql
To create tables in oracle
set echo off
set heading off
spool t1_insert.txt
create table t1 (c1 number, c2 varchar2(10), c3 date);
insert into t1 values (1,'one', sysdate);
insert into t1 values (2,'two', sysdate);
commit;
select 'insert into t1 (c1, c2, c3) values (' || c1 || ', ' || c2 || ', ' || c3 || ');' from t1;
select 'insert into t1 (c1, c2, c3) values (' || c1 || ', ''' || c2 || ''', ''' || to_char(c3,'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') || ''');' from t1;
spool off
To create tables in Mysql
create table t1 (c1 int, c2 varchar(10), c3 datetime);
select '' || c1 || ', ''' || c2 || ''', ''' || to_char(c3,'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') || '''' from t1;
make t1_insert.txt to t1_insert.sql
to migrate
mysql>source t1_insert.sql
To take logical backup dump of mysql
#mysqldump -uroot -padmin --all-database >testmysql.sql
it generates file that we can read for import on mysql or oracle. For oracle change the data format and import by running sql file.
site to download mysql software
http://dev.mysql.com/
To install Mysql
#rpm -ivh mysql-server-community_x86-64.rpm
After installing immediately give password
#/usr/bin/mysqladmin -u root -p password "root123"
To start and stop mysql server
#/etc/init.d/mysql start
#/etc/init.d/mysql stop
To connect mysql
#mysql -u root -p
To check databases and use database
Mysql>show databases;
Mysql>use
To check tables and its contents and its use
Mysql>show tables;
Mysql>desc
Mysql>select * from
To create user
Mysql>create user 'khan'@'localhost' identified by 'khan';
To give Privileges
Mysql>grant select,insert,update,delete on *.* to 'khan';
To drop user
Mysql>drop user 'khan'@'localhost';
To check which database to connected
Mysql>select database ();
To check which user is connected
Mysql>select user ();
To check how many users have
Mysql>select distinct grantee from user_privileges;
Global privileges are administrative or apply to all databases on a given server. To assign global privileges, use ON *.* syntax:
GRANT ALL ON *.* TO 'someuser'@'somehost';
GRANT SELECT, INSERT ON *.* TO 'someuser'@'somehost';
Only two rows information need give limit 2 in your query
In mysql by default database create in /var/lib/mysql
To create table
Mysql>create table oolaala(name varchar(20));
To check mysql version
#rpm -qa|grep -i mysql
Try this after relocating files if errors getting
#setsebool -p mysqld_disable_trans=1
Note:If not available my.cnf file or removed or '/home/oracle/data/three/redo01a.log' size 20m,lost we can copy the same file available in /usr/share/mysql (my_large.cnf)
MYISAM INNODB (engines of mysql)
By default tables create in MYISAM
To create tables in INNODB
set in my.cnf (uncomment#innodb parameter)
Mysql>create table pepsi(name varchar(10)) engine=innodb;
MYISAM is for OLAP and INNODB is for OLTP
To check connection errors or any errors
#/var/log/messages or /var/log/sys/logs of /var/lib/mysql/mysqld.log
How to rename and relocate on datafiles
1.Stop service
2.copy data directory on another mount point
3.vi /etc/my.cnf
#The MySQL server
[mysqld]
datadir=/home/mysql/data (five here different mount point)
user=mysql
To migrate from Oracle to Mysql
1.PhpAdmin tool use or
2.$mysql -u
It helps to migrate from oracle to mysql
To create tables in oracle
set echo off
set heading off
spool t1_insert.txt
create table t1 (c1 number, c2 varchar2(10), c3 date);
insert into t1 values (1,'one', sysdate);
insert into t1 values (2,'two', sysdate);
commit;
select 'insert into t1 (c1, c2, c3) values (' || c1 || ', ' || c2 || ', ' || c3 || ');' from t1;
select 'insert into t1 (c1, c2, c3) values (' || c1 || ', ''' || c2 || ''', ''' || to_char(c3,'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') || ''');' from t1;
spool off
To create tables in Mysql
create table t1 (c1 int, c2 varchar(10), c3 datetime);
select '' || c1 || ', ''' || c2 || ''', ''' || to_char(c3,'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') || '''' from t1;
make t1_insert.txt to t1_insert.sql
to migrate
mysql>source t1_insert.sql
To take logical backup dump of mysql
#mysqldump -uroot -padmin --all-database >testmysql.sql
it generates file that we can read for import on mysql or oracle. For oracle change the data format and import by running sql file.
site to download mysql software
http://dev.mysql.com/
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